Impact of Physical Inactivity and Pressure on Weight Gain During COVID-19 Pandemic Quarantine in Iraq

Authors: Amani L. Hameed1 & Sahar MZ. Abdullah2 & Abdulrazzaq B. Mohammed3
1Department of Clinical Biochemistry, College of Health Sciences, Hawler Medical University, Iraq
2Departement of Medical Microbiology, College of Health Sciences, Hawler Medical University, Iraq

3Department of Clinical Biochemistry, College of Health Sciences, Hawler Medical University, Iraq

Abstract: Aims: examine the factors that affect weight during quarantine such as physical activity and stress. Materials and methods: cross-sectional online survey study included people social demographic, individual behaviors, physical activity and stress level during COVID-19 quarantine among the Iraqi population, by using an online platform. Results: Out of the 661 participants, female 492(74.4%), age range was between 14-72 years old. Individual behaviors, 66% had irregular sleeping habit and 71% physically inactive. Besides, 72.8% lived under pressure. A high significant relation between weight gain and physical inactivity (p value: 0.01) and significant relation between stress and weight gain (p value: 0.038). Conclusions: physical inactivity and stress were risk factors for gaining weight during.

Download the PDF Document

Doi: 10.23918/eajse.v9i1p312

Published: February 13, 2023

References

Abbas AM, Fathy SK, Fawzy AT, Salem AS, Shawky MS. (2020). The mutual effects of COVID-19 and obesity. Obesity Medicine. 2020 May 6.

Alhusseini N, Alqahtani A. (2020). COVID-19 pandemic’s impact on eating habits in Saudi Arabia. J Public Health Res. 9(3), 1868.

AlMughamis N, AlAsfour S, Mehmood S. (2020). Poor eating habits and predictors of weight gain during the COVID-19 quarantine measures in Kuwait: A cross sectional study. F1000Research. 9(914), 914.

Al-Musharaf S, Aljuraiban G, Bogis R, Alnafisah R, Aldhwayan M, Tahrani A. (2021). Lifestyle changes associated with COVID-19 quarantine among young Saudi women: A prospective study. PloS one. 16(4), e0250625.

Al-Musharaf S. (2020). Prevalence and Predictors of Emotional Eating among Healthy Young Saudi Women during the COVID-19 Pandemic. Nutrients. 12(10), 2923. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12102923 PMID

Andersen, C. J., Murphy, K. E., & Fernandez, M. L. (2016). Impact of Obesity and Metabolic Syndrome on Immunity. Advances in nutrition (Bethesda, Md.), 7(1), 66–75. https://doi.org/10.3945/an.115.010207

Badimon L, Vilahur G, Padro T. (2010). Nutraceuticals and atherosclerosis: human trials. Cardiovasc Ther 2010;28(4):202-215. https: //doi.org/10.1111/j.1755-5922.2010.00189.x.

Bai Y, Lin CC, Lin CY, Chen JY, Chue CM, Chou P. (2004). Survey of stress reactions among health care workers involved with the SARS outbreak. Psychiatr Serv. 55(9):1055-7.

Bhasker, A. G., &Greve, J. W. (2020). Are Patients Suffering from Severe Obesity Getting a Raw Deal During COVID-19 Pandemic? Obesity surgery, 1-2.

Capers PL, Fobian AD, Kaiser KA, Borah R, Allison DB. (2015). A systematic review and meta‐analysis of randomized controlled trials of the impact of sleep duration on adiposity and components of energy balance. Obesity reviews. 16(9):771-82.

Dallman MF. (2010). Stress-induced obesity and the emotional nervous system. Trends in Endocrinology & Metabolism. 21(3):159-65.

Desclaux A, Badji D, Ndione AG, Sow K. (2017). Accepted monitoring or endured quarantine? Ebola contacts’ perceptions in Senegal. Social science & medicine. 178:38-45.

DiGiovanni C, Conley J, Chiu D, Zaborski J. (2017). Factors influencing compliance with quarantine in Toronto during the 2003 SARS outbreak. Biosecur Bioterror 2:265e72.

Dor-Haim H, Katzburg S, Revach P, Levine H, Barak S. (2021). The impact of COVID-19 lockdown on physical activity and weight gain among active adult population in Israel: a cross-sectional study. BMC public health. 21(1), 1-0.

Green WD, Beck MA. (2017). Obesity impairs the adaptive immune response to influenza virus. Annals of the American Thoracic Society. 14(Supplement 5): S406-9.

Hafeez, A., Ahmad, S., Siddqui, S. A., Ahmad, M., & Mishra, S. (2019). A Review of COVID-19 (Coronavirus Disease-2019) Diagnosis, Treatments and Prevention.

Heraclides AM, Chandola T, Witte DR, Brunner EJ. (2017). Work stress, obesity and the risk of type 2 diabetes: gender-specific bidirec- tional effect in the Whitehall II study. Obesity, 20(2):428e33. https://doi.org/10.1038/oby.2011.95

Lee S, Chan LY, Chau AM, Kwok KP, Kleinman A. (2005). The experience of SARS-related stigma at Amoy Gardens. Soc Sci Med 2005;61: 2038e46.

Lippi G, Henry BM, Bovo C, Sanchis-Gomar F. (2019). Health risks and potential remedies during prolonged lockdowns for coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID19). Diagnosis. 2020;7(2):85–90

Manuell M­E, Cukor J. (2011). Mother Nature versus human nature: public compliance with evacuation and quarantine. Disasters 2011; 35: 417–42.

Markwald, R. R., Melanson, E. L., Smith, M. R., Higgins, J., Perreault, L., Eckel, R. H., & Wright, K. P. (2013). Impact of insufficient sleep on total daily energy expenditure, food intake, and weight gain. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 110(14), 5695-5700.) (Bass J, Takahashi JS (2010) Circadian integration of metabolism and energetics. Science 330(6009):1349–1354.).

Mattioli AV, Coppi F, Migaldi M, Farinetti A. (2018). Fruit and vegetables in hypertensive women with asymptomatic peripheral arterial disease. Clinical Nutrition ESPEN 2018; 27:110e2.

Mattioli AV, Sciomer S, Cocchi C, Maffei S, Gallina S. (2020). Quarantine during COVID-19 outbreak: Changes in diet and physical activity increase the risk of cardiovascular disease. Nutrition, Metabolism and Cardiovascular Diseases. 2020 Aug 28;30(9):1409-17.

Mattioli, A. V., Sciomer, S., Cocchi, C., Maffei, S., &Gallina, S. (2020). Quarantine during COVID-19 outbreak: Changes in diet and physical activity increase the risk of cardiovascular disease. Nutrition, Metabolism and Cardiovascular Diseases, 30(9), 1409-1417.

Mattioli, A.V., BalleriniPuviani, M., Nasi, M., Farinetti, A. (2020d). COVID-19 pandemic: the effects of quarantine on cardiovascular risk. Eur J Clin Nutr. May 5:1-4. doi: 10.1038/s41430-020-0646-z.

Mattioli, A.V., Nasi, M., Cocchi, C., Farinetti, A. (2020c). COVID 19 outbreak: impact of the quarantine-induced stress on cardiovascular disease risk burden. Future cardiology Apr 30:10.2217/fca-2020-0055. doi: 10.2217/fca-2020-0055. Online ahead of print.

Muscogiuri G, Barrea L, Savastano S, Colao A. (2020). Nutritional recommendations for CoVID-19 quarantine. Eur J Clin Nutr 2020. https: //doi.org/10.1038/s41430-020-0635-2 [published online ahead of print, 2020 Apr 14].

Robinson E, Gillespie S, Jones A. (2020). Weight-related lifestyle behaviours and the COVID-19 crisis: An online survey study of UK adults during social lockdown. Obes Sci Pract. 2020; 1–6

Rodríguez-Martín BC, Meule A. (2015). Food craving: new contributions on its assessment, moderators, and consequences. Front Psychol 2015; 6:21. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2015.00021. Published 2015 Jan 22.

Rodríguez-Martín, B. C., &Meule, A. (2015). Food craving: new contributions on its assessment, moderators, and consequences. Frontiers in PSYCHOLOGY, 6, 21.

Sánchez E, Lecube A, Bellido D, Monereo S, Malagón MM, Tinahones FJ. (2021). Leading factors for weight gain during COVID-19 lockdown in a Spanish population: a cross-sectional study. Nutrients. 2021 Mar;13(3):894.

Sánchez Peña E, LecubeTorelló A, Bellido D, Monereo S, Malagón MM, Tinahones FJ. (2021). Leading Factors for Weight Gain during COVID-19 Lockdown in a Spanish Population: A Cross-Sectional Study. Nutrients, 2021, vol. 13, núm. 3, p. 894. 2021.

Tison GH, Avram R, Kuhar P, Abreau S, Marcus GM, Pletcher MJ, Olgin JE. (2020). Worldwide effect of COVID-19 on physical activity: a descriptive study. Annals of internal medicine. 2020 Nov 3;173(9):767-70.

Yu B, Steptoe A, Chen LJ, Chen YH, Lin CH, Ku PW. (2020). Social isolation, loneliness, and all-cause mortality in patients with cardiovascular disease: a 10-year follow-up study. Psychosom Med 2020;82(2):208e14. https://doi.org/10.1097/PSY.000000000 0000777.