Volume 6 Issue 1 Article 12

Seismic Vulnerability Assessment of Reinforced Concrete Building Structures in Erbil City, Capital City of Kurdistan Region of Iraq

Authors: Zina A. Abduljaleel1 & Bahman O. Taha2 & Abdulhammed A. Yaseen3
1Department of Technical Civil Engineering, Technical College of Engineering, Erbil Polytechnic University, Iraq
2Department of Technical Civil Engineering, Technical College of Engineering, Erbil Polytechnic University, Iraq
3Department of Civil Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Duhok, Iraq

Abstract: Rapid developments in Erbil city along with repeated seismic activity have caused concern about the safety of reference building structures. The reference buildings might be at risk since constructed with a misunderstanding about the seismicity and without seismic code regulations. Consequently, seismic vulnerability assessment of reference building structures has been conducted which is representing contemporary buildings including commercial, hotel, and residential building, by employing detailed archetypes in finite-based modelling. Inelastic pushover and over 800 incremental dynamic analyses are performed to evaluate seismic vulnerability for the selected reference structures so that the actual response analysed with studying the influences regarding the presence of infilling masonry panels. It was concluded that the selected reference buildings are significantly vulnerable under expected seismic. It was demonstrated that there is an urgent need for seismic retrofit and strengthening for the reference building structures to reduce their seismic losses.

keyword: Erbil, Incremental Dynamic Analysis, Inelastic Pushover, Vulnerability Assessment

Download the PDF Document

doi: 10.23918/eajse.v6i1p161

References

AbdulJaleel, Z. A., & Taha, B. O. (2019). Review of Seismic Characteristics in Erbil City, the Capital of the Kurdistan Region of Iraq. Polytechnic Journal, 9(2), 161–170.

Abduljaleel, Z. A., & Taha, B. O. (2020). Selection of Compatible Ground Motions with the Seismic Characteristics of Erbil City, the Capital of the Kurdistan Region of Iraq. Polytechnic Journal, 10(1), 110–120.

ACI, A. C. (2014). Building Code Requirements for Structural Concrete (ACI 318-14): Commentary on Building Code Requirements for Structural Concrete (ACI 318R-14): an ACI Report. American Concrete Institute. ACI.

Antoniou, S., & Pinho, R. (2004). Advantages and Limitations of Adaptive and Non-Adaptive Force-Based Pushover Procedures. Journal of Earthquake Engineering, 8(04), 497–522.

ASCE/SEI 7-16. (2017). Minimum Design Loads and Associated Criteria for Buildings and Other Structures.

ASCE/SEI 41-13. (2014). Seismic Evaluation and Retrofit of Existing Buildings.

ATC. (2011). Seismic Performance Assessment of Buildings Volume 1 – Methodology ATC-58-1 75% Draft. Applied Technology Council, Redwood City, California 94065.

ATC, A. T. (1996). Evaluation and Retrofit of Concrete Buildings, Rep. ATC-40, Applied Technology Council, Redwood City, California.

Aydinoğlu, M. N. (2003). An Incremental Response Spectrum Analysis Procedure Based on Inelastic Spectral Displacements for Multi-Mode Seismic Performance Evaluation. Bulletin of Earthquake Engineering, 1(1), 3–36.

Beyer, K., Dazio, A., & Priestley, M. J. N. (2008). Quasi-static Cyclic Tests of Two U-shaped Reinforced Concrete Walls. Journal of Earthquake Engineering, 12(7), 1023–1053.

Bruno, S., Decanini, L., & Mollaioli, F. (2000). Seismic Performance of Pre-Code Reinforced Concrete Buildings. Proc. 12th WCEE.

Buratti, N. (2012). A Comparison of the Performances of Various Ground–motion Intensity Measures. The 15th World Conference on Earthquake Engineering, Lisbon, Portugal, 24–28.

Chopra, A. K. (2012). Dynamics of Structures, 4th. New Jersey: Prentice Hall.

Chopra, A. K., & Goel, R. K. (2002). A Modal Pushover Analysis Procedure for Estimating Seismic Demands for Buildings. Earthquake Engineering & Structural Dynamics, 31(3), 561–582.

Cosenza, E., Manfredi, G., & Verderame, G. (2000). Seismic Assessment of RC Structures: Case Studies in Catania. The Catania Project: Earthquake Damage Scenario for a High Risk Area in the Mediterranean. Gruppo Nazionale per La Difesa Dai Terremoti^ CNR, Roma.

CSI Computers, & Structures, I. (2017). CSI Analysis Reference Manual for SAP2000, ETABS, SAFE, and CSiBridge. CSI Berkeley, CA.

CSO. (2011). Central Statistical Organization, Buildings, Housing and Households—Central Bureau of Statistics (Buildings, Dwellings, and Households-Erbil Governorate; p. (https://maincosit.gov.iq/ar/pop-/enumerating2009?id=366)).

Dymiotis, C., Kappos, A. J., & Chryssanthopoulos, M. K. (1999). Seismic Reliability of RC Frames with Uncertain Drift and Member Capacity. Journal of Structural Engineering, 125(9), 1038–1047.

Elenas, A. (2013). Intensity Parameters as Damage Potential Descriptors of Earthquakes. In Computational Methods in Stochastic Dynamics (pp. 327–334). Springer.

FEMA-356, B. S. S. (2000). Prestandard and Commentary for the Seismic Rehabilitation of Buildings. Report FEMA-356, Washington, DC.

Freeman, S. A. (1975). Evaluations of Existing Buildings for Seismic Risk-A Case Study of Puget Sound Naval Shipyard. Proc. 1st US Nat. Conf. on Earthquake Engrg., Bremerton, Washington, 1975, 113–122.

Ghobarah, A. (2004). On Drift Limits Associated with Different Damage Levels. International Workshop on Performance-Based Seismic Design, 28.

Gupta, B., & Kunnath, S. K. (2000). Adaptive Spectra-based Pushover Procedure for Seismic Evaluation of Structures. Earthquake Spectra, 16(2), 367–392.

Hassan, A. A. A. A., & Mwafy, A. (2014). Vulnerability Functions for Seismic Loss Assessment of the Modern Multi-Story Buildings in Dubai. [MSc thesis]. United Arab Emirates Unversity.

Holmes, M. (1961). Steel Frames with Brickwork and Concrete Infilling. Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers, 19(4), 473–478.

IMOS. (2018). Iraqi Meteorological Organization and Seismology. www.meteoseism.gov.iq.com
Ismaeil, M. (2018). Seismic Capacity Assessment of Existing RC Building by Using Pushover Analysis. Civil Engineering Journal, 4(9), 2034–2043.

Issa, A., & Mwafy, A. (2014). Development of Simulation-Based Fragility Relationships for the Seismic Risk Assessment of Buildings [MSc thesis]. United Arab Emirates Unversity.

Ji, J., Elnashai, A. S., & Kuchma, D. A. (2007). An Analytical Framework for Seismic Fragility Analysis of RC High-Rise Buildings. Engineering Structures, 29(12), 3197–3209.

Khalifa, A., & Mwafy, A. (2015). Assessment of Multi-story Building Seismic Design Factors with Structural Irregularity.

Kircher, C. A., Nassar, A. A., Kustu, O., & Holmes, W. T. (1997). Development of Building Damage Functions for Earthquake Loss Estimation. Earthquake Spectra, 13(4), 663–682.

KRSO. (2018). Kurdistan Region Statistics Office, the Report of the Census Result 2009—Report No.1-Erbil Governorate—Buildings, Dwellings, and Households, https://krso.net/Default.aspx?page=article [KRG/Erbil]. Latest Publication, Erbil Map.

Lehman, D. E., Turgeon, J. A., Birely, A. C., Hart, C. R., Marley, K. P., Kuchma, D. A., & Lowes, L. N. (2013). Seismic Behavior of a Modern Concrete Coupled Wall. Journal of Structural Engineering, 139(8), 1371–1381.

Liel, A. B., Haselton, C. B., & Deierlein, G. G. (2011). Seismic Collapse Safety of Reinforced Concrete Buildings. II: Comparative Assessment of Nonductile and Ductile Moment Frames. Journal of Structural Engineering, 137(4), 492–502.

Mainstone, R. J. (1971). Summary of Paper 7360. On the Stiffness and Strengths of Infilled Frames. Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers, 49(2), 230.

Mwafy, A. (2012). Analytically Derived Fragility Relationships for the Modern High-rise Buildings in the UAE. The Structural Design of Tall and Special Buildings, 21(11), 824–843.

Mwafy, A. M., & Elnashai, A. S. (2001). Static Pushover Versus Dynamic Collapse Analysis of RC Buildings. Engineering Structures, 23(5), 407–424.

Occhipinti, G., Caliò, I., Izzuddin, B., & Macorini, L. (2017). Seismic Assessment and Rehabilitation of Existing RC Buildings not Designed to Withstand Earthquakes [PhD Thesis]. University of Catania.

Panagiotou, M., Restrepo, J. I., & Conte, J. P. (2011). Shake-table Test of a Full-scale 7-Story Building Slice. Phase I: Rectangular Wall. Journal of Structural Engineering, 137(6), 691–704.

Paulay, T., & Priestley, M. N. (1992). Seismic Design of Reinforced Concrete and Masonry Buildings. John Wiley and Sons.

Pejovic, J., & Jankovic, S. (2015). Selection of Ground Motion Intensity Measure for Reinforced Concrete Structure. Procedia Engineering, 117(1), 588–595.

Presidency of Erbil Municipality. (2012). Presidency of Erbil Municipality, GIS part, Municipalities Boundary Image (jpg), June 2018. Unpublished, June 2018.

Rakshe, R., & Kalwane, U. (2018). Incremental Dynamic Analysis and Static Pushover Analysis of Existing RC Framed Buildings Using The Seismostruct Software. International Journal of Advance Research, Ideas and Innovations in Technology, 4(2), 2088–2101.

Ramamoorthy, S. K., Gardoni, P., & Bracci, J. M. (2008). Seismic Fragility and Confidence Bounds for Gravity Load Designed Reinforced Concrete Frames of Varying Height. Journal of Structural Engineering, 134(4), 639–650.

Sharma, K., Deng, L., & Noguez, C. C. (2016). Field Investigation on the Performance of Building Structures During the April 25, 2015, Gorkha earthquake in Nepal. Engineering Structures, 121, 61–74.

Smith, B. S. (1966). Behavior of Square Infilled Frames. Journal of the Structural Division, 92(1), 381–404.

Stafford Smith, B., & Carter, C. (1969). A Method of Analysis for Infilled Frames. Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers, 44(1), 31–48.

Te-Chang, L., & Kwok-Hung, K. (1984). Nonlinear Behaviour of Non-integral Infilled Frames. Computers & Structures, 18(3), 551–560.

Tiwari, V., & Kasnale, A. (2017). Incremental Dynamic Analysis of RC Frames. International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology, 4(2), 697–700.

Vamvatsikos, D., & Cornell, C. A. (2002). Incremental Dynamic Analysis. Earthquake Engineering & Structural Dynamics, 31(3), 491–514.

Varum, H., Dumaru, R., Furtado, A., Barbosa, A. R., Gautam, D., & Rodrigues, H. (2018). Seismic Performance of Buildings in Nepal After the Gorkha Earthquake. In Impacts and Insights of the Gorkha Earthquake (pp. 47–63). Elsevier.

Yaseen, A. A. (2015). Seismic Fragility Assessment of Masonry Buildings in the Kurdistan Region [PhD Thesis]. University of Portsmouth.