EURASIAN JOURNAL OF SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING
Welcome to the Eurasian Journal of Science and Engineering (EAJSE), was founded in 2016 by Tishk International University, a distinguished platform at the lead of science and engineering exploration. The journal publishes, in English language only, high-quality Research Articles covering of pure and applied sciences, engineering disciplines, and their interdisciplinary applications. Also, the journal welcomes the Survey Articles in every pure and applied sciences and engineering fields. EAJSE is a dynamic, globally recognized hub for cutting-edge research, promoting cross-disciplinary interactions. Upholding the highest academic standards, it features a rigorous double-blind peer-review process, ensuring publication of groundbreaking contributions. Committed to open access principles, EAJSE maximizes research impact and fosters collaboration within the global scientific and engineering communities. The Journal is published biannually (June and December) with one volume and two issues per volume in both print and online versions. The online version is free to access and download. The Eurasian Journal of Science and Engineering (EAJSE) publicly supports and endorses academic conferences that align with the journal’s aims and scope. Conference papers proposed for publication in EAJSE are evaluated according to the journal’s internal editorial regulations and rigorous double-blind peer-review process, with no external entities involved in the core review decisions. The journal publishes at most one special issue per volume; conferences wishing to be associated with a special issue must submit a formal proposal, which is evaluated by the editorial committee in line with the journal’s Special Issue Policy. Upon approval, EAJSE collaborates with the guest editorial team and the scientific committee of the conference to ensure that submissions adhere to EAJSE’s review standards, ethical principles, and COPE-aligned publication practices.
Eurasian J. Sci. Eng is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License 4.0 (CC BY-4.0) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
Ceiling Height and Energy Performance in School Classrooms: A Simulation Study from Sulaimani, Iraq
The present study examines how classroom ceiling height can influence the energy use of school buildings in Sulaimani, the Kurdistan Region of Iraq. For this purpose, DesignBuilder software was used to simulate fourteen classroom cases. In these cases, the ceiling height was gradually increased from 2.70 m to 4.00 m, while all other conditions in the model were kept the same. The simulation showed that higher ceilings required more annual energy. The main reason was the increase in indoor air volume, which needed more heating during the cold season. From the lowest to the highest tested height, the yearly electricity use increased by 19.3%, and the heating demand rose by almost 40%. In contrast, the lighting energy stayed almost the same in all cases. From the analysed results, it was found that heights between 2.70 m and 3.00 m provide a better balance between energy use and indoor comfort under local climate conditions. These findings can be useful for future school design and planning in the region.
Energy Efficiency In Educational Buildings
Sustainable Environmental Design in Architecture
Copyright (c) 2026 Hendren Hamid Abdulrahman https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Optimising Classroom Orientation for Energy Efficiency in Iraq’s Kurdistan Region: A Simulation-Based Approach
The orientation of a classroom window (its azimuth) plays an important role in both energy use and indoor temperature. This is particularly relevant for schools in the Kurdistan Region of Iraq, where the climate can vary significantly. To investigate this effect, a simulation-based approach was applied using a parametric model of a typical classroom. The model was rotated in 15° increments, yielding 24 distinct orientation scenarios for analysis and comparison. This study is among the first simulation-based investigations in the Kurdistan Region of Iraq to provide orientation-specific design guidance for school classrooms. The study examined energy demand for heating, cooling, and lighting, as well as carbon dioxide emissions and comfort hours in a classroom over a full academic year. Results indicate that classrooms with windows oriented at 165° and 180° yield the most energy-efficient outcomes. Showing up to 8% reduction in total electricity use and CO2 emissions compared to the worst-performing orientations (30° and 45°). South-facing orientations also maximised daylight availability and reduced lighting loads by around 40%. Conversely, North-East orientations significantly increased both heating and lighting demand. The findings recommend prioritising Southeast-to-Southwest windows in future school design in similar climatic contexts to enhance energy efficiency and indoor environmental quality.
Student-Demonstration-Driven Embedded Deep Learning Framework for Real-Time Robotic Manipulator Control on Arduino-Class Platforms
Low-cost robotic manipulators are typically based on the methods of analytical inverse kinematics and classical control techniques that demand precise kinematic modeling and have limited robustness against nonlinearities, parameter uncertainty, and underlying hardware limitations. Moreover, learning-based robotic control methods often require high-performance processors or external calculation devices and thus cannot be applied in educational and low-power settings. To overcome such shortcomings, a deep learning control framework driven by student demonstrations is introduced to predict inverse kinematics in real time on Arduino-class microcontrollers. The nonlinear map relating Cartesian end-effector pose to joint angles is trained on the publicly available Robotic Arm Dataset on Kaggle, which contains labeled kinematic trajectories generated by simulated manipulator motion. Using supervised learning, post-training INT8 quantization, and memory-aware deployment, a compact fully connected deep neural network (3-64-64-3 topology, 4,480 parameters) is trained offline. Experimental assessment via a software-based embedded emulation pipeline is characterized by high prediction accuracy, joint-wise RMSE of 0.003-0.006 rad, and mean absolute joint error of less than 0.004 rad. The quantized INT8 model achieves a memory footprint of approximately 5.2 KB with a mean inference latency of approximately 4.2 ms. The average end-effector positioning error is less than 2.5 cm compared to analytical inverse kinematics baselines. These findings demonstrate the feasibility of deep learning-based inverse kinematics on resource-constrained Arduino-class platforms, providing a scalable and cost-efficient solution for embedded automation, practical robotics education, and edge AI applications.
Embedded deep learning, Robotic manipulator control, Inverse kinematics, Arduino microcontroller, Edge AI, Intelligent robotics.
Copyright (c) 2026 Marwa Awni Kamal https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Real-Time Fault Detection for Arduino Sensor Networks Using Lightweight ML Models
In embedded systems based on the Arduino platform, real-time fault detection is difficult because of the small computational power, memory, and power restrictions. Traditional threshold-based methods lack flexibility and fail to detect subtle fault patterns, types of faults like gradual drift or intermittent faults, and most machine learning methods are currently too costly to run on microcontrollers. The objective of the study is to come up with an effective fault detection model that can attain high accuracy at low latency and memory consumption on constrained-resource embedded systems. This article suggests a lightweight time-based fault detection system that uses low-complexity time-domain features and an edge-optimized Bonsai machine learning classifier to perform real-time on-device inference. A controlled experimental setup with simulated fault conditions such as bias, drift, spike anomalies, and signal loss is used to generate multivariate Arduino sensor data, which includes temperature, vibration, current, and voltage data. The data is divided into 50-sample sliding windows. Model optimisation methods, including pruning and fixed-point quantisation, including pruning and fixed-point quantisation, can trim the model down to 1.76 KB and can achieve inference latency as low as 105 µs using hardware on the Arduino-class. The experimental findings indicate that the proposed method has a fault detection rate of 0.991, which is better than the k-Nearest Neighbors (k-NN), both in terms of latency (approximately 1632 ) and memory (5686 KB) utilization, but it has a similar performance as a Decision Tree classifier that has an accuracy of 1.000 at a higher cost. The framework achieves a balance between diagnostic accuracy and resource efficiency that can be used in real-time fault detection of a low-cost embedded sensor network. The findings reveal that the suggested Bonsai-based model provides a better accuracy-latency-memory trade-off than traditional machine learning models, and proves to be efficient in detecting faults in real-time on resource-limited embedded systems.
Natural and Green Protocol for Synthesizing Novel Ag@CQDs Nanoparticles, Their Characteristics, and Anticancer Activity againstOral Cancer Cell Lines
Oral cancer remains a major global health burden influenced by genetic, environmental, and lifestyle factors. Although conventional chemotherapies are available, their toxicity and limited selectivity have driven an increase in the use of nanomaterials and natural-mediated alternatives. In this study, clove, a well-known traditional medicinal plant, was utilized as a green precursor for the synthesis of silver-doped carbon quantum dots. An aqueous extract is prepared from the plant, followed by mixing with a silver salt to afford the targeted products through the hydrothermal protocol. The products were fully characterized, and their production is confirmed via physicochemical techniques. The results showed that the synthesized silver-doped carbon dot nanoparticles are spherical in shape, having a size of 63.25 nm with an amorphous carbon structure, demonstrating a broader peak centered at 2θ = 27°. Additionally, their chemical constituents were analyzed by gas chromatography mass spectroscopy. The cytotoxic activity of the three samples (clove extract, carbon dots, and silver-doped carbon dots) was assessed against oral squamous cancer cells (OSCC) and oral squamous normal cells (OSNC). The results showed effective dose-dependent cytotoxic potency for all the products; their IC50 is recorded as 346.8, 353.4, and 286.7 µg/mL for clove extract, carbon dots, and silver-doped carbon dots, respectively. In contrast, their activity for normal cells was observed as IC50= 705.4, 1292, and 939.3 µg/mL for clove extract, carbon dots, and silver-doped carbon dots, respectively. These findings revealed that the synthesized silver-doped carbon dots are efficient compounds as anticancer agents against OSCC with comparable low toxicity.
As a researcher and educator, my academic journey spans across Medical Physics, Nanoscale Science and Technology, and Physics Education. My expertise lies in exploring the applications of physics in medical technologies
Copyright (c) 2026 Soma Faiq Hamasaeed, Shahen Ali Ahmed https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Convergence and Stability Results for a New Inertial-Type IterativeScheme of Coupled Coincidence Points in G-Metric Spaces andApplications to Integral Systems and Differential Equations
In this paper, I develop an inertial-type iterative scheme, equipped with perturbation terms, for approximating coupled coincidence points of nonlinear operators using the G-metric space setting. The construction brings together several well-known fixed point procedures, such as the Picard, Mann, Ishikawa and Noor iterations, and extends them within a single unified framework. Under a suitable coupled G-contractive condition, I show that the sequence generated by my inertial-type iteration converges strongly to the unique coupled coincidence point. I also establish Ulam–Hyers and furthermore Ulam–Hyers–Rassias stability and obtain a linear rate of convergence. To demonstrate the usefulness of the approach, I apply the scheme to coupled nonlinear Volterra integral equations and to systems of differential equations.
Copyright (c) 2026 Elvin Rada https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Rainwater Harvesting as a Sustainable Solution for Managing Water Resources in the Soran Region -Case Study
Iraqi Kurdistan is experiencing water scarcity attributable to urbanization, population growth, and climate change, similar to worldwide challenges in dry and semi-arid areas. To address these pressures, there is a need for sustainable water management strategies that can sustain long-term development objectives. Rainwater harvesting (RWH) has become a relatively feasible and sustainable way to supplement water resources, but its successful application requires accurate site selection based not only on biophysical but also socio-economic factors. The study aims to identify the best locations of RWH systems in the Soran region based on Geographic Information System (GIS), Remote Sensing (RS), and Multi-Criteria Decision Analysis (MCDA). To do so, twelve parameters were included, which are biophysical elements (rainfall, runoff depth, slope, elevation, soil type, land use/land cover (LULC), distance to streams, drainage density, and lineament density) and socio-economic ones (distance to roads, villages, and rivers). Two methods, the Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) and the Weighted Sum Method (WSM), were applied and evaluated via MCDA. The use of R-square (R²), root mean square error (RMSE), and standard deviation (SD) as performance metrics showed that WSM yielded more reliable results, with values of 0.8069, 0.0545, and 10.48, respectively. The suitability map generated by WSM categorized the study area into five levels of RWH suitability: highly suitable (32.89%), suitable (31.58%), very highly suitable (16.97%), low suitability (11.32%), and unsuitable (7.17%). The analysis established three prior locations for dam construction. The study found three construction sites for a dam (Nawroin Dam, Shekhan Dam, and Leraban Dam). Overall, the research offers a robust spatial decision-support system that can be used to plan sustainable water resources and increase climate resilience in arid and semi-arid areas.
Copyright (c) 2026 Muhammad Ismael Kakraool, Hassan Mohammed Hameed https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The Effect of Utilizing Steel Slag as A Partial Replacement for Cement and Aggregate On the Mechanical Properties of Concrete
This research evaluated the mechanical properties of concrete utilizing steel slag (SS), an industrial by-product, as a partial replacement for cement, sand, and gravel. A water-cement ratio of 0.45 was used to produce concrete mixtures with varying replacement levels of 0-20% for cement, 0-100% for sand, and 0-100% for gravel. The workability of fresh concrete was measured, while compressive strength was measured at 28, 56, 90, and 180 days, and flexural and splitting tensile strengths were recorded at 28 days. The results showed that the angularity, rough texture, and increased water absorption of steel slag decreased workability. The use of steel slag as a replacement for cement resulted in decreased compressive, splitting tensile, and flexural strengths, with optimal performance noted at a 20% replacement level. However, a 25% sand replacement increased compressive, splitting tensile, and flexural strengths, whereas higher percentages reduced performance. The optimal gravel replacement was 50%, which surpassed the control mix in both compressive and flexural strength. Durability results showed that 10% cement replacement lowered early strength but improved with curing time, remaining lower than the control. Early-age strength and long-term performance were equivalent to conventional concrete with 25% sand replacement. The mixture with 25% gravel replacement exhibited better long-term compressive strength relative to the control mixture. Steel slag is more effective as a partial aggregate replacement than as a cement replacement. Concrete strength and durability are enhanced with 25% sand replacement and 50% gravel replacement, facilitating sustainable concrete production.
Master Student, Civil Engineering, Erbil polytechnic university
Copyright (c) 2026 Khanda Hamid Sahreef, Ayad Zaki Saber https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Evaluating the Impact of Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement on the Mechanical Performance of Hot Mix Asphalt
This study assessed the impact of integrating reclaimed asphalt pavement (RAP) and its moisture condition on the mechanical performance of hot mix asphalt (HMA). Using the standard Marshall method, mixtures with 0%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, and 50% RAP were prepared, and for each mix, the optimum asphalt content (OAC) was found. Two moisture states of RAP (oven-dried and saturated surface-dried) were examined to assess its sensitivity to residual moisture. The results showed that adding more RAP to the mix lowered the OAC from 5.22% (control) to 4.87% (50% RAP), reflecting the influence of the aged binder. When the RAP levels were higher, the Marshall stability was enhanced, and the flow decreased, which meant that the mixture was stiffer. However, at high RAP levels, stiffness often exceeded the allowed limits. RAP mixtures showed increasing tensile strength values up to 20% RAP, but decreased at higher levels. Residual moisture in RAP greatly affected mechanical performance. Specimens prepared with saturated RAP were less stable, had higher flow, and had a much lower indirect tensile strength than dry specimens, which was exacerbated after 20% RAP. Up to 20% RAP can be used without lowering the quality of the mixture, as shown by the fact that RAP levels and moisture conditions, as well as volumetric (Va, VMA, VFA) and mechanical parameters, meet SCRB R/9 2007 and ASTM performance standards. Suggestions include managing RAP moisture by properly stacking it, either by covering it or using conical-shaped stockpiles.
Copyright (c) 2026 Saman Khalil Ibrahim, Asst. Prof. Dr. Faris Mohammed Jasim https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Load-Deflection Relationship of Beams Incorporating Aggregates from Demolished Concrete Blocks
This work investigates the load-deflection behavior of sustainable reinforced concrete wide beams with aggregates that are recycled from demolished concrete blocks. These recycled concrete aggregates RCA have been used with percentages (0%, 25%, 50%, and 100%) of replacement with normal aggregates. Superplasticizer doses were applied to keep the workability constant. Compressive strengths were kept around 35 MPa for better comparison. Four wide beams of (300×60×700mm) dimension were cast with concrete having a minimum steel reinforcement ratio allowed by the ACI 318 code. Curves of wide beams relating load to deflections were constructed. The ductility of these beams was recorded. The response of RCA beams to increasing load is comparable to that of normal beams, however little softer but with comparable ductility. The findings of this work provide further support for using the RCA in structural concrete.
Civil Engineering ; Materials Science ; Environmental Engineering ; Construction Technology
Copyright (c) 2026 Bayan Salim https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Solving Fredholm Integro-Differential Equations Using Composite Numerical Integration and 7-Point Finite Differences Method
This paper presents a numerical solution to the Fredholm integro-differential equation (FIDEs) using the 7-point finite difference method combined with a quadrature rule and composite Boole's rule. The 7-point finite difference method effectively approximates the differential component, while the quadrature rule and Boole's rule address the integral component with enhanced accuracy. This approach optimizes computational efficiency and accuracy, demonstrating that the proposed method performs well for solving Fredholm integro-differential equations. The accuracy of the proposed scheme is rigorously evaluated using and norms, while the computational efficiency is measured by assessing the CPU-time values, demonstrating a notable reduction in computational cost compared to traditional methods.
Copyright (c) 2025 Surme Rasul Saber, Younis Abid Sabawi, Hoshman Qadir Hamad https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
CRISPR-Cas9 Mediated Genome Editing a Promise to Cure HIV: A Systematic Review
Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV-1) infection might be controlled using long-term antiretroviral therapy. However, it causes various side effects rather than its cost-effectiveness. Thus, the development of a permanent cure for HIV-1 that most probably relies on gene therapy is highly required. Relying on that, genome editing approaches like Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats associated with Cas9 (CRISPR-Cas9) have been utilized to target coreceptors, including CCR5 and CXCR4, hoping to find a curative method against HIV infection. Accordingly, the current study aims to systematically review CRISPR-Cas9 mediating genome editing studies, mainly CCR5 or CXCR4 or simultaneous genome editing to make HIV resistant primary human CD4+ T cells. A systematic review was conducted on original articles focusing on CRISPR-Cas9 mediated genome editing in HIV, published between 2015 and 2023. As a result, the CRISPR-Cas9 technology has demonstrated effective gene editing to confer HIV-1 resistance by targeting CCR5 and CXCR4 receptors in CD4+ T cells. Studies show that knockout of CCR5 or CXCR4, through CRISPR-Cas9 mediated frameshift insertions, base editing, and other genetic interventions, provides substantial resistance to HIV-1, with no major cytotoxic effects observed in primary T cells. Dual knockout of CXCR4 and CCR5 offers resistance to both X4- and R5-tropic HIV strains, suggesting enhanced protective potential. However, challenges remain, particularly due to CXCR4's crucial cellular roles, necessitating careful assessment of functional impacts and off-target effects. Additionally, leveraging natural mutations like CCR5∆32 has inspired promising avenues for durable HIV-1 resistance. While targeting viral genomes, especially latent reservoirs, appears safer by avoiding host genome alterations, reinfection risks persist. These findings highlight the promise of CRISPR-based HIV therapies, though clinical translation will require rigorous optimization and evaluation.
Copyright (c) 2026 Harmand Ali https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Utilizing Natural Ventilation as a Passive Design Strategies to Enhance Energy Efficiency of Low-Income Houses in Erbil City.
Natural ventilation is a sustainable and cost-effective strategy for improving indoor environmental quality and reducing energy consumption, particularly in hot, arid climates. This study investigates the integration of natural ventilation strategies, specifically wind catchers, evaporative cooling, and façade openings, to enhance thermal conditions and energy efficiency in low-income housing in Erbil, Iraq. A mixed-methods approach was employed, including field surveys, IES-VE simulations, and statistical analysis using SPSS. Simulations were conducted under typical summer conditions as well as an extreme heat event, using local climate data and empirical wet-bulb temperature calculations to assess airflow and indoor temperature across varying building orientations, windcatcher geometry, and evaporative effectiveness levels (60%–90%). The results indicate that wetted wind catchers can reduce indoor temperatures by approximately 13.3 °C, with upper horizontal windows performing better than combined horizontal–vertical outlets. Statistical tests confirmed these effects as significant, reinforcing the potential of natural ventilation as a low-cost and sustainable cooling strategy. However, the study acknowledges certain limitations: simulations were restricted to summer and extreme heat conditions, excluding transitional and winter seasons, and evaporative performance was modeled at fixed efficiency levels, which may vary in real-world operation depending on water supply, quality, and maintenance. Overall, the findings demonstrate that combining traditional passive strategies with modern simulation tools offers a practical pathway to improving comfort and reducing energy demand in hot-climate, low-income housing.
Natural ventilation; windcatcher; evaporative cooling; passive cooling; energy efficiency; low-income housing; Erbil City; thermal comfort; CFD simulation; IES-VE modeling
Architecture; Environmental Design; Building Science; Sustainable Building Design; Renewable Energy in Buildings
Copyright (c) 2025 Aya Hasan Ali, Husein Ali Husien https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Enhancing Traffic Flow Efficiency Towards Sustainability: A Case Study of Kasnazan Arterial Road
Urban traffic congestion is a pressing issue in rapidly growing cities like Erbil, exacerbated by population growth, increased vehicle ownership, and inadequate infrastructure. This study evaluates traffic conditions on the Kasnazan arterial road (known as Erbil-Koya Road) using field data and VISSIM microsimulation. The analysis focused on peak-hour traffic, geometric road design, and Level of Service (LOS) metrics, revealing severe congestion (LOS F) with extensive delays, high emissions, and inefficient traffic flow due to blocked lanes, illegal parking, unsuitable speed bumps, and excessive access points. Four improvement scenarios were simulated: lane expansion, ramp implementation, driver behavior adjustments, and access point optimization. Results demonstrated that lane expansion and ramp installations significantly enhanced traffic flow, reducing delays by up to 93% and lowering CO emissions by 63%, while improving LOS to D or C. Driver behavior modifications and access point management also yielded moderate improvements. The study underscores the need for integrated solutions combining infrastructure upgrades, behavioral interventions, and sustainable transport policies. Recommendations include unblocking and expanding lanes, replacing U-turns with roundabouts, and promoting public transit to alleviate congestion and reduce environmental impacts. These measures aim to enhance traffic efficiency, support economic growth, and improve urban sustainability in Erbil.
Copyright (c) 2025 Nishtman Abdullkhaleq Ali, Botan Majeed Al-Hadad https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Eco-Friendly Healthcare: Evaluating Green Roofs as a Sustainable Solution for Indoor Air Quality in Hospitals
Rapid urbanization and climate change increasingly threaten the sustainability of modern cities, placing healthcare facilities at risk due to their need to maintain healthy indoor environments for patients and staff. This study evaluates the effectiveness of green roofs as sustainable interventions to improve indoor air quality and environmental performance in hospitals. Two Hospitals in Erbil, Iraq—PAKY Hospital and CMC Hospital—were analyzed using simulation methods with Building Information Modelling (BIM), Open Studio, and Energy Plus. Conventional concrete roofs were compared to semi-intensive green roofs under identical climatic conditions, using really physical and thermal properties. The results showed significant improvements: at PAKY and CMC Hospital, green roofs reduced indoor temperatures, improved thermal comfort and humidity, and decreased annual carbon emissions. These results confirm that green roofs are effective strategies for enhancing hospital sustainability, reducing operating carbon footprints, improving indoor air quality (IAQ), and moving most spaces into ASHRAE-defined comfort bands to make hospitals more environmentally friendly. increasing environmental resilience, and supporting the well-being of patients and staff. The study's limitations include reliance on simulations instead of real-time monitoring and a lack of ventilation dynamics. Future research must incorporate on-site environmental measurements, evaluate long-term maintenance and cost-benefit trade-offs, and investigate applicability across various hospital types and climate zones.
Green roof, eco-friendly healthcare, indoor quality, sustainable solution, . 1
Environmental Science; Public Health; Sustainable Architecture Environmental Science – because my research assessing a nature-based solution (green roofs) and its environmental impact. Public Health – because the focus is on improving indoor air quality in hospitals for patient and staff health. Sustainable Architecture – because the intervention (green roofs) is an architectural and design strategy for sustainability.
Copyright (c) 2025 Paywast Hameed Taher, Husein Ali Husein https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Flexural Behavior of Concrete Beams Reinforced with Carbon FRP and Steel Rebars
This research explores the flexural characteristics exhibited by concrete beams reinforced with either carbon fiber-reinforced polymer (CFRP) or conventional steel bars. A total of eight beams were cast, four reinforced with CFRP bars and four with steel bars, and were assessed using a four-point flexural testing method setup over an effective span of 2000 mm. Beams had a uniform height of 350 mm and a width of 150 mm to ensure a consistent reinforcement ratio. The beam designs followed the guidelines of ACI 440.1R-15 and ACI 318-19. Variables in the study were the reinforcement ratios relative to the balanced reinforcement ratio for FRP bars, and for steel, the ratio relative to the maximum allowable reinforcement. Bar type was considered a variable. Key parameters evaluated included the load at which initial cracking occurs, the maximum load the specimen can sustain, load-deflection behavior, and failure modes. Results indicated that beams reinforced with FRP bars exhibited greater deflection compared to those reinforced with steel. The ultimate load capacity was higher in steel-reinforced beams, suggesting greater stiffness of steel bars. CFRP reinforced beams (BSC) showed a greater number of cracks than the steel-reinforced beams (BSN); crack widths were wider in BSN beams than in BSC beams.
Copyright (c) 2026 Hamza Ismael, Omar Qarani Aziz https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Edge Detection Using Ant Colony Optimization: A Bio-Inspired Approach For Enhanced Image Segmentation
An essential function of image processing and computer vision, edge detection is fundamental in tasks including image segmentation, object recognition, and scene analysis. Often facing difficulties, including sensitivity to noise, reliance on manual parameter tuning, and the generation of fragmented edge maps, traditional edge detection methods, including the Sobel, Prewitt, and Canny operators, inspired by the natural foraging behavior of ants, this work presents a new edge detection method called Ant Colony Optimization to get beyond these constraints. Using standard test images, the technique was assessed and showed consistent improvements over more traditional approaches. Higher values in signal-to-noise ratio, precision-recall balance, and structural edge continuity are shown by quantitative data. Visually, the technique reduced background interference and produced more connected, finer, cleaner edges. These results verify the efficiency of the Ant Colony Optimization-based method as a strong and exact edge detection system fit for complicated and noise-sensitive image analysis uses.
- Computer Engineering - Artificial Intelligence - Electrical and Electronics Engineering - Image Processing and Analysis
Copyright (c) 2025 Muhammed Sideeq Anwar https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Gender Disparities in Hematological and Renal Markers in End-Stage Renal Disease Prior to Kidney Transplantation: A Retrospective Multicenter Study from the Kurdistan Region of Iraq
End-stage renal disease (ESRD) is a crucial public health challenge, especially in regions with limited data on gender-based clinical characteristics before kidney transplantation (KT). This study aims to examine gender-related differences in hematological and renal parameters among ESRD before KT in the Kurdistan Region of Iraq. Clinical information of 200 ESRD individuals, including 105 males and 95 females, aged from 18 to 65, was reviewed over a period of three years across three large hospitals between 2018 and 2024. The data comprised kidney function, electrolytes, CBC, and thyroid hormones. Except for MCH (mean corpuscular hemoglobin), no biochemical or hematological derived parameter differed significantly between gender significant lower value in female 27.37 ± 0.58 pg, compared to males, 28.50 ± 0.25 pg, p- value = 0.037. Urea, PCT, MPV, and PLT were found to be independent predictors of serum creatinine as shown by the regression analysis. In conclusion, gender-specific pre-transplant laboratory differences in ESRD were modest in extent, yet clinically significant for the female lower MCH that might defer KT eligibility due to under-recognized renal anemia. In addition, platelet-based indices mirroring inflammatory-hemodynamic processes are also associated with serum creatinine. These results lay the groundwork for more gender-informed, ethically sound, and model-refined KT readiness measures.
Copyright (c) 2026 Zhikal Khudhur, Shnyar Qadir, Yara O. Khudhir, Helin A. Haji, Kale Q. Sayid https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Optimal Fire Station Site Selection in Erbil City, Kurdistan Region of Iraq: A GIS-AHP Approach
In a rapidly sprawling city with population growth, as Erbil city, the Kurdistan Region of Iraq (KRI), the placement of fire stations can make a major difference in how quickly emergency services respond. This study looks at how Geographic Information System (GIS) tools, combined with the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP), can be used to identify the best areas for building new fire stations. Fourteen Parameters were considered, including population density in each area, the risk of disasters, proximity to roads, and where current fire stations are located. Experts helped assign importance to each factor using the AHP method. All the data were processed in GIS to create a map showing which parts of the city are most suitable and essential. The map revealed five categories of suitability, with the eastern and southern districts, especially the neighborhoods in Municipalities 3, 4, and 5-marked as high-priority zones. These cover nearly 46% of the study area. A Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) analysis was done, resulting in an Area under the Curve (AUC) of 0.910, which shows strong accuracy for the AHP technique. Overall, the results show that using this method helps make more informed decisions about emergency planning. It can be concluded that the same approach could be useful in other cities facing similar problems with how emergency services are distributed, and the study shows a good decision for urban planners to consider where to establish new emergency facilities in future planning.
Fire Station Site Selection GIS-AHP Model
Geomatics Engineering, Urban and Regional Planning, Geographic Information System (GIS), Decision Sciences (AHP and MCDA)
Copyright (c) 2025 Khanda Ahmed Hamad, Jehan M. Sheikh Suleimany https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Development of Statistical Models of the Effects of Waste Engine Oil (WEO) on Different Grades of Asphalt
This research examines the impact of Waste Engine Oil (WEO) as a modifier on the physical properties of asphalt binders across three different grades (40/50,50/60, and 60/70). The goal is to explore sustainable alternatives that enhance pavement performance and workability. Asphalt binders were modified with WEO at concentrations of (2%, 4%, 6%, 8%, and 10%) by weight and subjected to selected tests, including penetration, softening point, flash and fire points, and Rolling Thin Film Oven (RTFO) aging. To analyze the effect of WEO content quantitatively, second-degree polynomial regression models were developed for each test across the three grades. The results demonstrated that moderate additions of WEO (2-4%) significantly improved binder flexibility and penetration depth, facilitating better workability, especially in cooler climates. However, higher concentrations of WEO (above 8%) led to excessive softening, reduced thermal stability, and diminished resistance to aging. Despite noticeable reductions in flash and fire points, all modified binders met ASTM safety requirements. The study concludes that optimal WEO content ranges between (2-4%) for scenarios prioritizing long-term durability and thermal stability, while (4-6%) is suitable for applications emphasizing enhanced flexibility and workability. These findings underscore WEO’s potential as an environmentally sustainable and performance-enhancing asphalt binder modifier when applied within controlled limits.
Copyright (c) 2025 Mohammad Mohammad Mohammad-Ameen Halaq, Abdulhakim Othman Salih Kozapanky https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
GIS-Based Approach for Determining Optimal Solar PV Farm Locations in Erbil City Using the ASR and MCDM Analysis
The increasing demand for clean energy sources has driven widespread studies to find the best locations for solar photovoltaic farms. Finding appropriate locations presents challenges due to environmental and technical factors. This study determines the optimal locations for solar PV farm installation in Erbil City using the Area Solar Radiation (ASR) tool in ArcGIS Pro 3.1.5 combined with multicriteria decision-making analysis. This study represents the first application of the ASR tool in this region to enhance solar insolation assessments by incorporating atmospheric parameters, terrain characteristics, and environmental variables. An analytical hierarchy process weighs the criteria and computes a land suitability index. Nine critical criteria were utilized: area solar radiation, land use land cover, slope, proximity to transmission lines and roads, distances to urban and rural areas, soil types, and temperature. The ASR tool calculates the solar insolation across the study area, with the Average ASR for Erbil City at 1,306,742 Wh/m² annually. Thematic maps and a pairwise comparison matrix assign weights to each criterion, creating a comprehensive suitability index. The study revealed that solar development can occur in 60.89% of the area, mainly in Erbil's western region, but remains restricted to 39.11% of the area. A small segment (6.24% or 169.92 km²) is the most suitable and is capable of producing more than 10,000 MW of clean power. While providing important data to legislators and investors to forward sustainable energy policies and lower reliance on fossil fuels, the results show great chances for the development of solar power.
GIS, Area Solar Radiation (ASR), Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP), Solar PV Farm, Renewable Energy, Erbil City
Surveying and Geomatics Engineering, Geographic Information System (GIS), Solar PV Farm
Copyright (c) 2025 Shamal Mohamedamin Ahmed, Dleen Mohammed Salih https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Respiratory Syncytial Virus–Associated Hospitalizations in Children Under Five in Erbil City, Iraq: A Cross-Sectional Study
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is a predominant etiological agent of acute respiratory tract infections (ARTI) in young children associated with elevated hospitalization rates. Rapid detection of the virus decreases serious complications. This study was conducted to investigate the incidence of RSV infection in pediatric patients and related demographic and clinical criteria through rapid RSV antigen detection in Erbil city/Iraq. A cross-sectional study performed within the 1st of December 2024, to the 28th of February 2025. It involved 177 children under 5 years who presented with signs of ARTI and visited Raparin Teaching Hospital for children in Erbil city. Nasopharyngeal specimens were collected and tested for RSV antigen using the Combo rapid test (Biotech, China). Approximately 72.4% of RSV-positive patients were hospitalized, with bronchiolitis being the most common clinical diagnosis. RSV infection was significantly higher in infants ≤6 months (53.3%, p<0.001). Higher rates of RSV infection were recorded in infants with artificial feeding (51.7%) and delivered by cesarean section (63.8%). Dyspnea was a significant sign in RSV-associated hospitalizations (p=0.002). RSV infection peaked in January despite higher ARTI rates in December (p<0.01). RSV was a leading winter pathogen in young children with high hospitalization rates. The Combo rapid test offered a quick, cost-effective tool for multi-virus detection.
Copyright (c) 2025 Aumed Jalil, Sazan Moffaq Abdulaziz https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Facies Analysis And Depositional Environment Of Lower Jurassic (Sehkaniyan Formation), Northeastern Iraq-Kurdistan Region
This study deals with the sedimentology and stratigraphy of Lower Jurassic Sehkaniyan Formation as an implication for its facies analysis and depositional environment in Warte area in the Imbrication Zone, NE Iraqi Kurdistan region. In the study area the formation has a thick succession of shallow water carbonates and thin shale represents a real lower Jurassic unit that overlying the Sarki Formation and underlying the Sargelu Formation. The total of 30 thin sections from the carbonates of Sehkaniyan Formation were petrographyicaly studied under polarizing microscope in-order to finding out their petrographic constituents. The petrographic study demonstrated that most of the carbonate units of Sehkaniyan formation subjected to sever dolomitization, although considerable shallow water skeletal garins (bethic foraminiferas, gastropods, pelecepods, ostracods) and non-skeletal grains (Peloids and ooids) in addition to abundant stromatolites are recognized. Depending on field and petrographic study, the Sehkaniyan Formation subdivided into three units; the lower unit consists of dark grey thick bedded dolomitic limestone and brown to dark brown brecciated dolomitic limestone. The unit comprised of grey to yellowish grey medium to thick bedded limestone and dark grey dolomitic limestone intercalated with thin bedded shale. While, the upper unit consists of dark grey thick bedded dolostone, light grey thick bedded brecciated dolomitic limestone and massive dark grey dolomitic limestone. Three difrint microfacies were recognized that demonstrated a wide range of facies associations, which suggested the deposition of Sehkaniyan Formation in a Shoal, Lagoon and Tidal flat environments in an inner homoclinal ramp setting.
Microfacies and Depositional environment
Copyright (c) 2025 Bzhar Kheder, Dr. Sardar M. Balaky, Mr. Irfan Sh. Asaad, Goran F. Hassan https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Innovative Analytical Approach For Evaluating The Performance Of Strengthened Edge RC Beam-Column Joints
Beam-column joints (BCJs) are important in reinforced concrete (RC) constructions because they have a big effect on how loads are transferred and how stable the structure is, especially when it is under uniaxial monotonic loading. Many older RC structures have poorly detailed joints, which makes them likely to break. Using the Strut-and-Tie Model (STM), which has been verified by numerical modelling, this study looks at how strengthened and unstrengthened exterior BCJs behave. Four samples: BCJ-1 (a control that met ACI 352-02), BCJ-2 (a joint that wasn't strong enough), BCJ-3 (a junction that was strengthened with CFRP), and BCJ-4 (a joint that was strengthened with a steel plate). Sta4CAD V14 and the Moment Distribution Method have been used to perform a sub-frame analysis and find the joint forces and inflection points. Results showed that CFRP and steel plate strengthening significantly enhanced joint performance in terms of shear strength, moment capacity, and strut width. CFRP sheets improved force transfer and stiffness due to effective confinement, while steel plates enhanced shear resistance and moment redistribution. CFRP provided superior energy dissipation, though steel plates offered advantages in durability and constructability. A finite element model employing STM principles was also used to evaluate strengthening efficiency. The findings highlight the critical impact of retrofit methods on joint behavior and offer practical insights for developing effective, economical strengthening strategies for RC joints under monotonic loads.
Copyright (c) 2025 Hussein Safeen Al-Bustany, Salahuddin Abdulrahman Ahmed https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Determination of Total Vegetal Proteins of Cucumus Sativus
Vegetal proteins are part of the human diet, which contain amino acids and thus promote good health. Cucumis sativus is commonly known as a cucumber and is valued not only for its unique taste characteristics but also for its possible nutritive value. Thus, the objective of this study is to provide a quantitative and qualitative assessment of the vegetal proteins of Cucumis sativus in combinations of different genotypes with varying combinability. It has been about the use of samples from high and low combinative capacity genotypes, and quantification of water content and protein quantity by spectrophotometric methods. The investigation, therefore, indicates distinct variations in the genotypes in the proportion of water and the amount of protein. In genotypes of high combinative capacity, Hybrid 4 was found to have the highest protein content in terms of 10.02 mg/mL dry material in the hybrid form and 9.76 mg/mL in the maternal form. In low combinative capacity genotypes, Hybrid 6 revealed a slight protein content of 8.37 mg/mL as compared to the Maternal form, comprising 9.60 mg/mL. Hybrid 4 was found to contain a total average of 267.22 mg/mL of protein, which signified good nutritional value. On the other hand, Hybrid 6 was the lowest in average quantity of protein at 223.10 mg/mL. All the measurements and variations in this study were highly significant (p > 0.05), which implied reduced variability within each genotype group. These studies can be useful to explore the knowledge of proteomics in Cucumis sativus, and they suggest its general usability in human nutrition that can be further advanced to discover its health and dietary potentials.
Copyright (c) 2025 Dogan Ozdemir, Abdulrahman Mahmmoud Dogara https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Exploring Oral Colonization Of Candida Species In Diabetic Individuals In Erbil City, Iraq: A Case-Control Study
Oral candidiasis is a prevalent opportunistic infection of the oral cavity, primarily caused by the overgrowth of Candida species, with Candida albicans being the most common. This case-control study aimed to compare oral clonization by different Candida species and their colony-forming units (CFU/ml) in the oral cavity of diabetic versus non-diabetic individuals. Oral rinse samples were collected from 50 individuals (25 diabetic and 25 non-diabetic) attending Layla Qasim Health Center, Erbil city, from February to March 2024. Samples were cultured on Sabouraud’s dextrose agar and HiCromeTM Candida differential agar for species identification. Of the 50 samples, 44 (88%) yielded positive culture for Candida sp. The total Candida carriage rate was similar in both the diabetic and control groups (88%). Multiple Candida species were identified, with Candida albicans and Candida krusei being the most prevalent. Diabetic patients had significantly higher colony-forming unit (CFU/ml) compared to the control group, indicating a greater fungal load despite similar carriage rates between groups (p value<0.01).
Copyright (c) 2025 Sazan Moffaq Abdulaziz , HJ Ahmed, Rezhin Sleman Ashqi , Saba Hawar Mustafa , Samyan Elham Khalid https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
How To Minimize Transportation Noise Pollutions And Transportation Noise-Related Diseases Using Artificial Intelligence
Transportation noise pollution has become a global environmental issue with serious health and ecological consequences. This article examines the role of artificial intelligence (AI) in addressing the complex challenges of noise pollution and minimizing its associated health risks using AI-based techniques, like to use the power of machine learning (ML) or Artificial Neural Networks (ANN) in conjunction with metaheuristic algorithms to minimize transportation noise pollution and transportation noise-related diseases. The article highlights the limitations of traditional noise monitoring and mitigation methods, emphasizing the potential of AI-driven solutions. AI-based techniques such as noise prediction models, real-time mapping, traffic flow optimization, and smart routing, additionally, it summarizes the transportation noise outlined in several guidelines and standards, including the Environmental Noise Directiv,Noise in Europe – EEA 2014,Environmental noise in Europe – EEA 2020,WHO Environmental noise guidelines for the European Region-, Critical noise values in EU (IG Noise),and etc are explored for reducing noise generation across transportation systems. The article also discusses the challenges of data quality, algorithmic biases, and ethical considerations in AI applications. Finally, it explores the future of AI in transportation noise reduction, including opportunities for interdisciplinary research and the integration of emerging technologies such as blockchain and augmented reality. This review underscores the transformative potential of AI in combating transportation noise pollution and protecting public health.
Copyright (c) 2025 Mehmet Ozdemir https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The Impact Of Rapid Growth On The Architectural Aspects Of Housing Complexes In Sulaymaniyah City
This study addresses the problem of how rapid and often unregulated urban expansion in Sulaymaniyah City has significantly influenced the architectural quality, functionality, and livability of housing complexes. As the city experiences accelerated growth driven by population increases, economic activity, and investment flows, the built environment—particularly residential architecture—faces critical challenges. The aim of this research is to evaluate the architectural impacts of this rapid urban growth, focusing on how design standards, façade aesthetics, spatial planning, and livability are affected by mass housing development trends. Drawing on field data and insights from local architects, the study explores the deeper implications of urbanization on the lived experience and environmental sustainability of residential areas. Case studies and survey findings illustrate how urban planning decisions intersect with cultural and functional demands, highlighting the need for context-sensitive and adaptive design strategies. The study hypothesizes that rapid urban growth negatively affects architectural quality and livability, with housing design acting as a mediating factor—this relationship is tested through regression analysis. The results emphasize that urban quality of life depends not only on structural development but also on thoughtful architectural planning that integrates social and cultural dimensions. These findings provide actionable insights for architects, urban planners, and policymakers aiming to guide inclusive and sustainable housing development in rapidly changing urban settings.
Copyright (c) 2026 Mustafa Mukhls, Amjad Muhammed https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Numerical Solution of Burgers’ Equation Using the Explicit andCrank-Nicolson Finite Difference Methods
The Burgers’ equation is numerically studied in this paper by using the explicit and Crank-Nicolson finite difference methods. Finite difference approximations are used in place of the derivatives, resulting in a system of equations that, when solved, approximate the solutions to the Burgers’ equation. Additionally, the stability by Von Neumann method and convergence analysis are discussed for both methods. Furthermore, a comparison is done between the exact solutions and the approximate solutions for two test problems. We have shown that there is a high degree of agreement between the approximate and exact solutions. It was also determined that the explicit method exhibits conditional stability, whereas the Crank-Nicolson method remains stable under all conditions.
Copyright (c) 2026 Younis Sabawi, Mohammed I. Sadeeq, Mardan Ameen https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Universal Design in Park Planning: A Case Study of Qutabyan Park in Erbil City
The paper focuses on how Qutabyan Park applied design principles to transform it into a social and ecological public space by inducing man-made environmental factors for adapting the microclimate while maintaining terrain accessibility to the community in Erbil. Through extensive analysis of the site, key issues such as lack of amenities, access, and degradation of the natural environment were identified, making the park unusable and un-marketable for the community members. Tackling these issues, the redesign includes accessible paths, shaded seating areas, and multi-generational play areas that cater to all ages and abilities. In addition, sustainable elements such as rainwater harvesting, native plant landscaping, and solar-powered lighting further contribute to the park’s ecological benefits and lower resource use. This is a demonstration of how universal design can help in creating healthier urban landscapes by providing a model for inclusive, functional, and sustainable public spaces.
Copyright (c) 2025 Merve Sumeyye Taha, Sana Basil Mohammed, Mohammed Zahawy, Yusuf Cemil Celik https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0