Gender-Based Differences of D-Dimer Levels Among Mild COVID-19 Patients Living in the Erbil City-Iraq.
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.23918/eajse.v9i3p17Keywords:
Keywords, COVID-19, D-dimer, Gender, and Thrombotic DisordersAbstract
SARS-CoV-2, the causative agent of severe acute respiratory syndrome, possesses the capability to induce respiratory illness, which leads to thrombotic diseases. One of the potential biomarkers associated with the poor prognosis in COVID-19 is the rise of D-dimer. However, the potential of plasma's D-dimer to predict gender disparities in disease severity remains undetermined in Erbil-Iraq. This study aimed to evaluate the gender-based difference of the D-dimer in mild males and females of COVID-19 patients; their correlation with age was also within the scope of this study. Retrospectively analyzed laboratory and clinical data of mild COVID-19 cases confirmed at Bio Lab in Erbil, Kurdistan Region of Iraq. An immunofluorescence assay was used to measure the amount of D-dimer in 1174 patients. The results were given in fibrinogen equivalent units (µg/ml). Out of 1174, 591 (50.34%) were male. Their mean age was (52.23 ± 0.657); while 583 (49.66%) were female, their mean age was (51.11 ± 0.722). The mean D-dimer among male patients was 1.163 μg/ml (±0.175 μg/ml), whereas the level of D-dimer in female patients was equal to 1.172 μg/ml (±0.147 μg/ml). The study finds a correlation between age and D-dimer. In conclusion, there is no significant difference in D-dimer value between the male and female COVID-19 groups.
References
[1] Guarner J. Three emerging coronaviruses in two decades: the story of SARS, MERS, and now COVID-19. Oxford University Press US; 2020. p. 420-1.
[2] Guo Y-R, Cao Q-D, Hong Z-S, Tan Y-Y, Chen S-D, Jin H-J, et al. The origin, transmission and clinical therapies on coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreak–an update on the status. Military Medical Research. 2020;7(1):1-10. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40779-020-00240-0
[3] Phelan AL, Katz R, Gostin LO. The novel coronavirus originating in Wuhan, China: challenges for global health governance. Jama. 2020;323(8):709-10. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2020.1097
[4] Paules CI, Marston HD, Fauci AS. Coronavirus infections—more than just the common cold. Jama. 2020;323(8):707-8. https://doi.org/ 10.1001/jama.2020.0757
[5] Booz GW, Altara R, Eid AH, Wehbe Z, Fares S, Zaraket H, et al. Macrophage responses associated with COVID-19: A pharmacological perspective. European Journal of Pharmacology. 2020;887:173547. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejphar.2020.173547
[6] Abdullah TH, Alizadeh F, Abdullah BH. COVID-19 Diagnosis System using SimpNet Deep Model. Baghdad Sci J. 2022. https://doi.org/10.21123/bsj.2022.6074
[7] Zhang Jj, Cao Yy, Tan G, Dong X, Wang Bc, Lin J, et al. Clinical, radiological, and laboratory characteristics and risk factors for severity and mortality of 289 hospitalized COVID‐19 patients. Allergy. 2021;76(2):533-50. https://doi.org/ 10.1111/all.14496
[8] Salah HA, Ahmed AS. Coronavirus Disease Diagnosis, Care and Prevention (COVID-19) Based on Decision Support System. Baghdad Sci J. 2021;18(3):0593. https://doi.org/10.21123/bsj.2021.18.3.0593
[9] Rosa C. DÍMERO D y COVID-19. N Engl J Med. 2020;382:1708-20. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.medin.2020.06.006
[10] Lippi G, Plebani M. Laboratory abnormalities in patients with COVID-2019 infection. Clinical chemistry and laboratory medicine (CCLM). 2020;58(7):1131-4. https://doi.org/10.1515/cclm-2020-0198
[11] Guan W-j, Ni Z-y, Hu Y, Liang W-h, Ou C-q, He J-x, et al. Clinical characteristics of coronavirus disease 2019 in China. New England journal of medicine. 2020;382(18):1708-20. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jemermed.2020.04.004
[12] Bao J, Li C, Zhang K, Kang H, Chen W, Gu B. Comparative analysis of laboratory indexes of severe and non-severe patients infected with COVID-19. Clinica chimica acta. 2020;509:180-94. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cca.2020.06.009
[13] Williamson EJ, Walker AJ, Bhaskaran K, Bacon S, Bates C, Morton CE, et al. Factors associated with COVID-19-related death using OpenSAFELY. Nature. 2020;584(7821):430-6. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-020-2521-4
[14] Gebhard C, Regitz-Zagrosek V, Neuhauser HK, Morgan R, Klein SL. Impact of sex and gender on COVID-19 outcomes in Europe. Biology of sex differences. 2020;11(1):1-13. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13293-020-00304-9
[15] Butterworth M, McClellan B, Aklansmith M. Influence of sex on immunoglobulin levels. Nature. 1967;214(5094):1224-5.
[16] Borque L, Bellod L, Rus A, Seco ML, Galisteo-Gonzalez F. Development and validation of an automated and ultrasensitive immunoturbidimetric assay for C-reactive protein. Clinical chemistry. 2000;46(11):1839-42.
[17] Ershler WB, Keller ET. Age-associated increased interleukin-6 gene expression, late-life diseases, and frailty. Annual review of medicine. 2000;51(1):245-70. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.med.51.1.245
[18] Akkurt ES, Sahin Ozdemirel T, Ertan O, Unal E, Akıncı Özyürek B. Is There a Gender Difference in Terms of Inflammatory Biomarkers in Patients With Severe Covid-19 Pneumonia? Cureus. 2022;14(12):e32541. https://doi.org/10.7759/cureus.32541
[19] Saville O, Tera Y, Deng Y, Elbatarny M, Othman M, editors. The impact of sex on D-Dimer levels and disease outcomes in hospitalized COVID-19 patients. Research and Practice in Thrombosis and Haemostasis Conference; 2022.
[20] Jaillon S, Berthenet K, Garlanda C. Sexual dimorphism in innate immunity. Clinical reviews in allergy & immunology. 2019;56(3):308-21. https://doi.org/ 10.1007/s12016-017-8648-x
[21] Chakravarty D, Nair SS, Hammouda N, Ratnani P, Gharib Y, Wagaskar V, et al. Sex differences in SARS-CoV-2 infection rates and the potential link to prostate cancer. Communications biology. 2020;3(1):1-12.
[22] Ishaq SE, Abdulqadir SZ, khudhur ZO, Omar SA, Qadir MK, Awla Hk, et al. Comparative study of SARS-CoV-2 antibody titers between male and female COVID-19 patients living in Kurdistan region of Iraq. Gene Reports. 2021;25:101409. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.genrep.2021.101409
[23] Mukhopadhyay A, Talmor N, Xia Y, Berger JS, Iturrate E, Adhikari S, et al. Sex differences in the prognostic value of troponin and D-dimer in COVID-19 illness. Heart & Lung. 2023;58:1-5. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hrtlng.2022.10.012
[24] Spring JL, Winkler A, Levy JH. The influence of various patient characteristics on D-dimer concentration in critically ill patients and its role as a prognostic indicator in the intensive care unit setting. Clinics in Laboratory Medicine. 2014;34(3):675-86. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cll.2014.06.015
[25] Legnani C, Cini M, Cosmi B, Carraro P, Tripodi A, Erba N, Palareti G. Age and gender specific cut-off values to improve the performance of D-dimer assays to predict the risk of venous thromboembolism recurrence. Internal and emergency medicine. 2013;8:229-36. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11739-011-0608-5
[26] Saville O, Elbatarny M, Tera Y, Deng Y, Othman M. Sex differences in D-dimer and critical illness in patients with COVID-19: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Res Pract Thromb Haemost. 2023;7(1):100042. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rpth.2023.100042
[27] Minhas AS, Shade JK, Cho S-M, Michos ED, Metkus T, Gilotra NA, et al. The role of sex and inflammation in cardiovascular outcomes and mortality in COVID-19. International Journal of Cardiology. 2021;337:127-31. https://doi.org/ 10.1016/j.ijcard.2021.05.011
[28] Jin S, An H, Zhou T, Li T, Xie M, Chen S, et al. Sex-and age-specific clinical and immunological features of coronavirus disease 2019. PLoS Pathogens. 2021;17(3):e1009420. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12879-021-06313-2
[29] Smail SW, Babaei E, Amin K. Ct, IL-18 polymorphism, and laboratory biomarkers for predicting chemosensory dysfunctions and mortality in COVID-19. Future Science OA. 2023;9(2):FSO838. https://doi.org/10.2144/fsoa-2022-0082
[30] Sharp K, Ghodke B. D-dimer Levels in COVID-19 Patients and Its Correlation with Age and Gender: A Retrospective Analysis. The American Journal of Surgery. 2020;7:339. https://doi.org/10.1177/00031348221091940
[31] Wu C, Chen X, Cai Y, Zhou X, Xu S, Huang H, et al. Risk factors associated with acute respiratory distress syndrome and death in patients with coronavirus disease 2019 pneumonia in Wuhan, China. JAMA internal medicine. 2020;180(7):934-43. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamainternmed.2020.0994
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
LicenseEurasian J. Sci. Eng is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License 4.0 (CC BY-4.0) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/